Gramatika
Arabština je flexivní jazyk, což znamená, že ohýbá slova pomocí předpon, přípon a zejména změnami uvnitř kmene, v indoevropských jazycích nepříliš obvyklými:
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kitáb = kniha, kutub = knihy (kmen KTB)
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rasala = poslal, ursila = byl poslán
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kabír = velký, akbar = větší
Časy má arabština pouze dva (nedokončený a dokončený) a má 3 pády (nominativ, genitiv a akuzativ). Lze tedy říct, že arabština je vidový jazyk, neboť je založena na protikladu ukončeného a neukončeného děje. Českému minulému času přibližně odpovídá arabské perfektum, které tvoří pouze jeden způsob (indikativ - oznamovací způsob). Naproti perfektu je imperfektum (přibližně český přítomný a budoucí čas). Imperfektum tvoří pět způsobů (indikativ, subjunktiv, apokopát, energikus, imperativ). kataba = napsal (perfektní tvar) jaktubu = píše (imperfektní tvar) všimněte si, že kořen KTB je vždy stejný, nemění se ani zde: uktub = napiš kátib = píšící kátib = spisovatel kuttáb = spisovatelé kitáb = kniha, psaní
Kořeny slov jsou v arabštině velmi důležité, neboť se s nimi hodně pracuje. Jiná ukázka: (kořen SKN:) sakana = bydlel (perfektní tvar) jaskunu = bydlí (imperfektní tvar) sákin = bydlící, obyvatel sukkán = obyvatelé sakan = bydliště, bydlení
Ukázka časování:
askun (bydlím)
taskunu (bydlíš - muži)
taskunína (bydlíš - ženě)
jaskunu (bydlí - on)
taskunu (bydlí - ona)
V arabštině se rozlišují dva rody - mužský a ženský. Rodově se mohou lišit podstatná i přídavná jména. Například „džamíl“ znamená hezký, když přidáme koncovku -a „džamíla“ znamená to hezká.
Čísla má arabština tři (singulár, duál, plurál). Duál se tvoří jednoduše koncovkou "-áni" bez ohledu na rod:
dars = lekce darsáni = dvě lekce
Množné číslo se dělí na dva typy - vnitřní a vnější. Vnitřní se tvoří samohláskovými změnami uvnitř slova, někdy i souhláskovými. Vnější se tvoří koncovkami podle rodu:
mudarris = učitel mudarrisún = učitelé
tilmídha = žákyně tilmídhát = žákyně (plurál)
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